Microbial Ecosystem on the Body's Surface
Skin is not just a physical barrier; it is a complex habitat for more than 1.5 trillion microorganisms — mainly bacteria, but also fungi and archaea. According to a recent study in *Nature Microbiology* (2023), each square centimeter of skin contains up to 10 million microbial cells, with different species diversity depending on anatomical zones such as the forehead, armpits, or soles of the feet.Surprising Comparison: Microbes vs Human Cells
The old figure often cited — '10 times more bacteria than human cells' — has been updated by scientists from Tel Aviv University and ETH Zurich. New data show the actual ratio is approximately 1.3:1, meaning the number of bacterial cells on the skin and digestive tract *exceeds* the number of human cells (around 30–40 trillion human cells compared to 39 trillion microbial cells). The skin contributes almost 30% of the total number of microbes in the body.Active Protective Function
The skin microbiome is not a passive parasite — it actively participates in immune defense. Species such as *Staphylococcus epidermidis* produce antimicrobial peptides that prevent the growth of pathogens such as *Staphylococcus aureus*. Disruption of the microbiome balance (for example, due to excessive antibacterial soap) can increase the risk of atopic dermatitis and acne, according to a report in *Journal of Investigative Dermatology* (2022).Implications for Future Cosmetics & Medicine
The cosmetics industry is now developing 'topical probiotics' — creams and lotions containing beneficial bacterial strains to restore the skin barrier. Meanwhile, skin microbiome transplant therapy is being tested in early clinical trials as an alternative to systemic antibiotics, offering a more precise and less disruptive approach to the natural microbial ecosystem.